Balinese Phonological Interference in Indonesian Communication in The Panglipuran Village

This study aims to (1) know the Balinese language interference that affects the spoken pronunciation of Indonesian in Panglipuran village community and (2) Know the factors that cause Balinese Language Interference to Indonesian. This research uses qualitative research methods, data collection is done through direct interviews to data sources, namely the people of Panglipuran Village Bali. The results of this study show that, phonological interference is influenced by several phonological processes in the form of phoneme changes such as, changes in phoneme /e/ to phoneme /a/, changes in consonant phoneme /b/ to consonant phoneme /m/, changes in phoneme /e/ to phoneme /i/, changes in phoneme /a/ to phoneme /o/, changes in phoneme /e/ to phoneme /i/. Then there is the diphthong process as in the phoneme /au/ into the phoneme /o/, there is also the metathesis of the phoneme /o/ which moves to the phoneme /e/, the elision of the middle phoneme /a/, and the influence of the speaker's hypercorrection. Language interference can also be influenced by several factors such as, 1) speakers who are bilingual; 2) Balinese and Indonesian are cognate languages and; 3) the influence of the times and environmental factors.


Introduction
Language is a human communication tool that allows for interaction.With different languages in each region, Indonesian becomes a unified language that can facilitate conveying an idea or just connecting people in communication.A person with mastery of a language is a universal human characteristic.Mastery of a language can occur after humans are born with an age of about 1.5 to 6 years.The language obtained by children is commonly referred to as the mother tongue, the language introduced by the mother used in the surrounding environment.Children's language development will go hand in hand with the development of the child's age and train children to communicate with others.Language interference can occur due to a person's bilingualism, for example, the mother tongue with another language learned.

20-06-2024
Accepted: 07-07-202407-07- Published: 23-08-2024 Interference is the part where the fusion between certain language phenomena or features can affect the use of other languages by bilingual or multilingual speakers (Trismayanti, 2018).It can be interpreted as the phenomenon of the inclusion of elements of the first language in the use of the second language caused by structural differences between the first and second languages, what happens is that speakers can pronounce their original language patterns when using another language.Phonological interference affects the pronunciation of the first language in the second language, as well as the pronunciation of sounds that are not by the rules of the second language.In this study, Balinese interference will have an impact on Indonesian language communication in Balinese society.
Phonological interference according to (Thoyib & Hamidah, 2018) is the entry of the second language sound system into the first language (and vice versa) and continues to be reproduced by the speakers.According to Weinreich, phonological interference occurs when there is contact between two or more languages, resulting in contact between the language-language systems used by speakers in a particular social context.In this context, interference refers to a change in the system of a language that occurs due to the influence of another language.Phonological interference is one type of language interference that occurs when the phonological system of a speaker's first language affects the pronunciation of the second language.Phonological Interference occurs when speakers insert sounds from the old language into the receiving language.This can involve letter subtraction (e.g., 'selalu' → 'slalu') or letter substitution (e.g., 'adik' → 'adek').
The process of changing the sound of words due to the process of changing the sound from the basic form to the derivative form is the basis of the phonological process.These changes are usually caused by affixation.Sound changes occur with the addition of segments, deletion of segments, unification of segments, or assimilation.Phonology is a system of pronunciation of language sounds to represent a person's accuracy in language, if the resulting meaning is different it can be called a language error (Nurkhazanah et al., 2022).An example of a change in phonemic dissimilation is a change in sound resulting from phonological processes due to environmental influences, one of which is, that the word scholar [sarjana] comes from Sanskrit sajjana [sajjana].The change occurred because of the double [j] sound.The first [j] sound is changed into an [r] sound: [sajjana] > [sarjana].The change has crossed the phoneme boundary, i.e. [j] is an allophone of the phoneme /j/, and [r] is an allophone of the phoneme /r/.
Language interference refers to the phenomenon where a person mixes his/her second language.Scholars like Bhatia and Mackey provide insight into interference as a transfer process involving structural elements from one language to another.Language interference is a linguistic phenomenon in which elements from one language influence or infiltrate another language spoken by speakers.It often occurs in bilingual or multilingual individuals, where they may not fully separate the two languages they speak.Interference can occur at various linguistic levels, including phonology (sound), morphology (word form), syntax (sentence structure), semantics (meaning), and lexicon (vocabulary).
Balinese as the daily language of Panglipuran villagers symbolizes the pride and identity of the region.Balinese language needs attention and efforts to preserve it because Bali is one of the attractions that steal the attention of domestic and foreign tourists even to many tourists who want to live in Bali, because Bali does have a beautiful charm.Panglipuran village, known for its strong traditions and customs, is an interesting place to study this phonological interference.The dominant use of Balinese in daily life causes many residents to experience difficulties when they have to switch to Indonesian.These difficulties often appear in the form of pronunciation errors that are influenced by the Balinese sound system.For example, there are differences in the pronunciation of consonants, vowels, and intonation between the two languages.
Panglipuran Village is known as a traditional village that is still thick with Balinese traditions and culture.The people of course use Balinese as their mother tongue in everyday life.However, as part of Indonesia, Bahasa Indonesia plays an important role as the national language.This bilingual situation often leads to an interesting phenomenon, namely language interference.Language interference occurs when the sound system (phonology) of Balinese influences the way Panglipuran people speak Indonesian.This can be in the form of different pronunciations, the omission of certain sounds, or the addition of sounds that are not found in Indonesian.Studying Balinese phonological interference in Indonesian communication in Panglipuran Village is important for several reasons.First, this study can provide an overview of the reality of language use in bilingual communities.Second, the results of the study can be useful for understanding the potential difficulties faced by Panglipuran people in speaking Indonesian properly.Finally, the research findings can be an input for the development of Indonesian language teaching that is more appropriate to the context of bilingual communities such as in Panglipuran Village.
There are several relevant studies from the Balinese Phonology article, the first is the Balinese Phonology of the Jembrana dialect described in the research (Swandana, 2018) has explains that there are 16 phonological processes with different environments.This environment determines the different dialects in the Jembrana dialect of Balinese.This study also observed phonological, syntactic, as well as morphological processes in certain phrases.Second, phonological variation is a field of phoneme realization in the field of varied phoneme distribution.In a study entitled Consonant and Vowel Phonemes of Balinese in Tabanan Regency examining Structural Dialectology (I Ketut & Dewa Ayu, 2021).The selection of the right observation place is in Tabanan Regency, with locations in four villages, Berembeng Village, Wangaya Gede Village, Sanda Village, and Bongan Village.From the results of this study, there is a phoneme /ə/ in the final open position in BB in Tabanan regency has two realizations, namely sound [a] and sound [ə].Each of these sounds has a different area.The sound [ə] is found in TP 1,2,4 and the sound [a] is found in the observation point.
Third, the Palatalization of Balinese Sounds (Swandana & Demon, 2021) explains how the palatalization process of language sounds is carried out in Siakin Village.From the data collected through a descriptive qualitative approach in the informal realm and managed to collect 5 informants.And get research results that show that there has been palatalization of the sound /ʲ/ in Balinese used in Siakin Village.Furthermore, Balinese has a characteristic language dialect which is divided into two, namely the mountainous Balinese dialect or DBA and the commonly used Balinese dialect.This phenomenon can be researched as discussed in the Postlexical Phonological Process of Ungasan Dialect Balinese on Clitics and Question Words in Generative Phonology Study by (Agama et al., 2023).It is explained in this study how the post-lexical phonological process and the relationship to BBDU clitics.The last is the Phonetic Study on Arek Suroboyo Language Culture (Herdiana et al., 2023).This research explains how phonetic studies on the Surabaya area culture language, vocabulary, and cultural aspects of the Surabaya arek.The results of this study show the pronunciation or pronunciation of a dialect word or sentence when communicating directly with the interlocutor, and can also know or hear when someone is talking.

Method
Overall, this research was conducted in Panglipuran Village, Bangli Regency, Bali Province.With qualitative research methods, the data source of this research is primary data, namely the Balinese language of the Panglipuran community in Indonesian language communication.The data source can be obtained by the interview in the form of an informant's oral data.This research was conducted in the Panglipuran Traditional Village area of Bali in June 2024.This research provides new insights for readers regarding the phonological interference of the Balinese language located in the traditional village of Panglipuran Bali.By choosing a specific place and having a high local significant value of the Balinese language, this study aims to find out the Balinese language interference that affects the spoken pronunciation of the Indonesian language in the Panglipuran village community and find out the factors that affect Balinese language interference to the Indonesian language.Phonological interference data of Balinese and Indonesian languages in the Panglipuran Village community in Bali due to phoneme changes that affect the pronunciation in Indonesian.Based on the data in the table above, the word "ka" in the sentence "Aku jagi ka pasar" (Balinese) becomes "ke" (Indonesian).In this word, the interference changes the phoneme /e/ into the phoneme /a/.In the second data, the word "maca" in the sentence "Aku tresna pisan maan maca buku" (Balinese) becomes "baca" (Indonesian).In this word, interference occurs in the form of replacing the phoneme /b/ with the phoneme /m/.In the third data, the word "ngnasehati" in the sentence "Ida always ngnasehati becik" (Balinese) becomes "menasihati".This is influenced by the change of phoneme /e/ into phoneme /i/ as well as the influence of the speaker's hypercorrection.Hypercorrection itself is a linguistic phenomenon caused by speakers changing word forms and word structures that are already correct.

Results and Discussion
In the fourth data, the word "daon" in the sentence "daon jatuh" (Balinese) becomes the word "daun" (Indonesian).This is caused by the change of the diphthong /au/ into the vowel phoneme /o/.In the fifth data, the word "ko" in the sentence "ko kija?" (Balinese) becomes "kau" (Indonesian).This is a phonological process interference in the form of elision where the word kau loses the middle vowel phoneme /a/, resulting in the word "ku" and the change of phoneme /u/ to /o/.There is also a diphthong change where the phoneme /au/ is changed to the vowel phoneme /o/.In the sixth data, the word "apo" in the sentence "Apo cai ngapain?" (Balinese) becomes "apa" (Indonesian).This happens due to the change of the phoneme /a/ into phoneme /o/.
In the seventh data, the words "teloransi" and "ka" in the sentence "teloransi ka sesama" (Balinese) become the words " toleransi" and "ke" (Indonesian).This happens because of the phonological process in the form of metathesis so that, the phoneme /o/ in the word telorantion changes places with the phoneme /e/, thus changing the word tolerance into telorantion.The word "ka" changes to "ke".In this word, the interference changes the /e/ phoneme into the /a/ phoneme.In the eighth data, the word " kemaren" in the sentence "berapa banyak tiang ngiringin acara kemaren?" (Balinese) becomes the word " kemarin" (Indonesian).This is caused by the phonological process of changing the phoneme /e/ into the phoneme /i/.
In the ninth data, the words "ka" and "umah" in the sentence " Beberapa blumbang teka ka umah tadi malam" (Balinese) become the words "ke" and "rumah" (Indonesian).The interference changes the phoneme /e/ into the phoneme /a/.Then, there is an omission of the consonant phoneme "r".Furthermore, in the tenth data, the word "iilang" in the sentence "Bule pun helmnyane ilang" (Balinese) becomes the word "hilang" (Indonesian).This interference occurs in the form of the release of the consonant phoneme /h/.

Factors influencing Balinese interference with Indonesian
Interference is a language error that occurs when a language is transferred from one language to another.Interference is generally caused by the presence of a giver language and a receiver language.In our daily speech, we cannot avoid interference.Several factors influence interference in Balinese.First, the speakers of Balinese are bilingual.This means that speakers can speak two or more languages, such as the national language and foreign languages or regional languages.In this case, Panglipuran Village speakers can speak their mother tongue, Balinese, and the national language, Indonesian.Second, Balinese and Indonesian are cognate languages.This is because Balinese and Indonesian have the same structural closeness, as there are many similarities in vocabulary and grammar.
Then, easier understanding also makes speakers tend to prefer using other language elements that have similarities with their native language.Third, interference can be influenced by environmental factors and the times.In the development of a sophisticated era, many language variations can develop quickly.Language variation can occur due to time differences.People will easily find new words, meanings that can change, and slang variations between generations.Different generation levels may use different languages to show social identity.The difference between language when using social media and language when speaking directly is the influence of technology that coexists with humans.Due to the development of increasingly advanced technology and the widespread use of social media civilization, this causes the use of variations in language to be applied in direct speech so that, the development of this language variation is growing in a community environment.That is what causes language interference to occur in everyday speech.

Conclusion
Based on the description of the research discussion, it can be concluded that phonological interference in the use of Balinese occurs due to several phonological processes in the form of phoneme changes such as changes in phoneme /e/ to phoneme /a/, changes in consonant phoneme /b/ to consonant phoneme /m/, changes in phoneme /e/ to phoneme /i/, changes in phoneme /a/ to phoneme /o/, changes in phoneme /e/ to phoneme /i/.Then there is a diphthong process as in the phoneme /au/ into phoneme /o/, there is also a metathesis of the phoneme /o/ which moves to phoneme /e/, elision of the middle phoneme /a/, and the influence of the speaker's hypercorrection which causes language interference.The factors that influence the interference of Balinese into Indonesian include, (1) the speaker is bilingual; (2) Balinese and Indonesian are cognate languages and; (3) the influence of the times and environmental factors.